Influence of Fashion in Human Trafficking.

Child Sexual Exploitation and  Trafficking

Series-1

Child trafficking is only one aspect of child exploitation in Central Asia that needs to be addressed, says UNICEF

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Sex trafficking has become a multi-billion dollar business, and is the third most profitable business for organized crime, after drugs and arms dealing. Due to its very nature, the exact statistics of sex trafficking are extremely hard to estimate. Anywhere from 700,000 and 4 million women and children are trafficked for the purpose of sex and sexual exploitation every year.

Trafficking in Trafficking in children is on rise,  Child shall mean any person under eighteen years of age,  and nearly 60% of the victims of trafficking are below 18 years of age (NCRB, 2005), is a global problem affecting large numbers of children.

It is estimated that 1.2 million children being trafficked every year.  There is a demand for trafficked children as cheap labour or for sexual exploitation. 

In data recently collected by UNODC on the number of victims detected by state authorities around the world, two thirds of the detected victims were women, and 79% of the victims were subject to sexual exploitation.

·         Every thirty seconds, another person becomes a victim. 

·         The age of the average trafficking victim is becoming younger and younger.

·         Girls as young as 7 are being trafficked for child prostitution.

·         The average age of prostitutes being trafficked into certain Asian brothels is 14.

·         In South America, children as young as 12 are being kidnapped off the streets and then trafficked into Mexico. In the United States, trafficking has started to become a large problem.

·         In India, a large number of children are trafficked not only for the sex ‘trade’ but

·         also for other forms of non-sex based exploitation that includes servitude of

·         Various kinds, as domestic labour, industrial labour, agricultural labour, begging,

·         organ trade and false marriage.

 Why Child at risk/vulnerability:-

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Trafficking in human beings take place for the purpose of exploitation which in general could be categorized as (a) Sex -based and (b) Non-Sex-based. The former category includes trafficking for prostitution, Commercial sexual abuse, Pedophilia, Pornography, Cyber sex, and different types of disguised sexual exploitation that take place in some of the massage parlors, beauty parlors, bars, and other manifestations like call girl racket, friends clubs, participation in beauty contests, modeling opportunities, affordable vacations, study abroad programmes or marriage services. etc. Non sex based trafficking could be for different types of servitude, like domestic labor, industrial labor, adoption, organ transplant, camel racing marriage related rackets etc. But the growing traffic in women is principally for the purpose of prostitution

All these situations occur due to the risk and vulnerable situations of innocent children as stated, according to Routine Access Theory, three things happen at the same place and at the same time.

When “Demand” (Buyer/User), “Distribution” (suitable target), “Supply” (Victim with guardian less environment) are happened to be at same place and at the same time the crime takes place
.

The terms ‘at risk’ and ‘vulnerable’ can mean the same thing – specifically that a child is at heightened risk that one or more of their human rights may be violated. However, the term ‘at risk’ is used here for children who are exposed to one or more of the specific risk factors that are used internationally as indicators of risk/ vulnerability, while the word ‘vulnerable’ is used to describe children whose rights are threatened.

Further Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of a person, group, society or system to physical or emotional injury or attack. The term can also refer to a person who lets their guard down, leaving themselves open to censure or criticism. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb to manipulation, persuasion, temptation etc.

Children and their families are often unaware of the dangers of trafficking, believing that better employment and lives lie in other countries. Child trafficking is lucrative and linked with criminal activity and corruption. It is often hidden and hard to address. Trafficking always violates the child’s right to grow up in a family environment. In addition, children who have been trafficked face a range of dangers, including violence and sexual abuse. Trafficked children are even arrested and detained as illegal aliens.

Unfortunately, society remains tolerant of this abominable crime against children.

The factors that include for the child vulnerability are: poverty and unemployment; lack of proper reintegration services, lack of options; stigma and adverse social attitudes; family expectations and pressure; resignation and acclimatization to the lifestyle them and though significant but are not in focus such as bad influence of fashion, media, movies, entertainment that is in rise.

Because most conditions causing vulnerability of child into sex trafficking is result of bad influence of loads factors mentioned below:

Series –I focuses on Fashion:

Most of the fashion, diet and lifestyle advice is directed toward being desirable to men. Magazines emphasize sexuality as a central identity, minimizing all other attributes. The girls reading teen magazines begin to digest and believe the message that they are only sexual objects.

Fashion effects to our lives by getting us involved something new there are two points’ positive and negative effects of fashion on youth

• The American Psychological Association estimates that teens are exposed to 14,000 sexual references & innuendos per year on TV.
• In a recent survey by Teen People magazine, 27% of the girls felt that the media pressures them to have a perfect body.
• A 1996 poll conducted by Saatchi and Saatchi found that ads made women fear being unattractive or old.
• By the time a young person is 17 years old, they have received over 250,000 commercial messages through the media.
• Three out of four teens say ‘TV shows and movies make it seem normal for teenagers to have sex.’
• Four out of ten teenagers say they have gotten ideas for how to talk to their boyfriends and girlfriends about sexual issues from the entertainment media.
• A recent report from the Center for Media & Public Affairs found music videos to contain more sex per minute than any competing media genre.
• A study of 4,294 network television commercials found that nearly one in 4 commercials includes some type of sexual attractiveness as a base for the message.
• Young teens (13-15) indicate that a major source of sex education is from TV.

Let the children be protected from bad influences of fashion, media, entertainment so as to minimize the exposure to sexual exploitations, and let the families, NGO’s, Government, and socially responsible individuals build the  healthy attitudes towards human sexuality in children and also flesh out a safe guardian environment and protect them from all sorts of sex trafficking. Lets join hands in this mission of protecting the innocent kids prevent them from vulnerable and painful sufferings.

Invitation - KNOCKOFF MEETING - TAPAS (Trafficking Analysis and Prevention Aiding system) Pilot Project

Organ Harvesting of Trafficking Victims.

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Trafficking for the purpose of 'removal of organs' is identified as trafficking under the UN Trafficking Protocol definition.

This research defines trafficking in organs as under the UN Trafficking Protocol. Hence, trafficking for organs occurs where a third party recruits, transports, transfers, harbours or receives a person, using threats (or use) of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of authority or a position of vulnerability for the purpose of removing that persons organ/s. Where children are concerned, there is no need for deception or coercion, the mere fact of organ removal facilitated by a third party is sufficient. 'Organ' trafficking, is mainly trafficking of kidneys because removal of virtually all other organs⁶ requires the 'donor' to be killed, which is very rare. Strictly speaking, we are talking about removal of organs rather than removal of human tissues such as blood and corneas.

The WHO’s Guiding Principles on human organ transplantation (1991) state that the commercialization of human organs is ‘a violation of human rights and human dignity’. The Guiding Principles stated several key principles relevant to organ trafficking

Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (2000) to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
this protocol states that the sale of children for the purpose of transferring their organs for profit should be a criminal offence.

Some Facts:

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The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 50,000 kidney transplants take place every year.¹⁹ of these, an absolute minimum of 15,000 transplants are from live donors.

Some media reports have cited examples of street children in Latin America and children from impoverished families in Eastern Europe being kidnapped or sold and subsequently murdered for their organs

Media reports have also connected the illegal adoption trade to trafficking in organs,

There are reported cases of children being trafficked within and from Africa for their organs to be used in rituals. 

The organization Organs Watch estimates that 'thousands of illegal transplants occur every year bought by patients from the Persian Gulf states, Japan, Italy, Israel, the U.S. and Canada supplied by "donor" nations, including India,

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A study in Chennai, India interviewing 305 kidney sellers in the State of Tamil Nadu found that the amounts promised to kidney vendors (by both brokers and clinics) were an average of one third more than what they were actually paid

The COE's Rapporteur on organ trafficking, Gaby Vermot-Mangold stated that of the known cases of kidney sales in Moldova, nearly all sellers received less money than originally agreed

Vivekanand Jha of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research also states that the 'fact' that kidney donors or sellers do not receive the money promised is common knowledge

According to most estimates upwards of 20 thousand dollars can be made off of a kidney, nearly twice that for a healthy heart. This is the most instantaneously profitable of all the heinous crimes perpetrated on victims of human trafficking,

A high profile organ trafficking case in the year 2000 involved a Russian woman selling her grandson to "westerners" for 90 thousand dollars

In India in 2007 19 women were found dead in an Indian slum apparently the victims of the organ trade

It is estimated that there are 10 thousand victims of organ theft in China alone each year

Trafficking in organs is a crime that occurs in three broad categories.

Firstly, there are cases where traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ.

Secondly, there are cases where victims formally or informally agree to sell an organ and are cheated because they are not paid for the organ or are paid less than the promised price.

Thirdly, vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist and thereupon organs are removed without the victim's knowledge

The vulnerable categories of persons include migrants, especially migrant workers, homeless persons, illiterate persons, etc. It is known that trafficking for organ trade could occur with persons of any age. Organs which are commonly traded are kidneys, liver and the like; any organ which can be removed and used, could be the subject of such illegal trade. 

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The traffic in human beings is flourishing. The global business involving “human goods” has now reached dimensions comparable to those of the illicit trades in drugs and weapons. As if the poor and destitute don't already have enough daily oppression from all sides there is another facet to the evils of human trafficking that is slowly coming to light.

In the poorest corners of India, the skeletal bodies of street beggars reach forward with outstretched hands. Sunken faces and mouths open, searching for relief from the sweltering hell of their unfortunate existence. Speech is heard but only one word is understood – help.

Thence TAPAS (Trafficking Analysis and Prevention Aiding System) is one of the effective E-Tools that tracks the victims in order to protect and link the help between the government, police, and the organizations and also strengthens the services for the innocent victims.

1. References:

1.    Ref: http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/trafficking-for-organ-trade.html

Child beggers – a curse or inevitability

Trafficked children used as beggers:

Kids are as innocent as flowers and as shinning as glowing stars. They all are same whether they live a relaxing and comfort life or sleep on footpaths. It’s really painful to see small kids begging with their little hands in front of this cruel world, a world for which these kids are just beggars and nothing else.

Hunger force those children to beg by touching hands and shirts even they face scolding’s from people. Many of them are deliberately maimed. Arms and legs are forcibly amputated, others are cruelly blinded. The gangs also pour acid on to children’s bodies leaving them with suppurating wounds. The more they are tortured or tormented the more sympathy they gain when they beg. They are trained to approach certain kinds of people and use certain mannerisms, to extract even more money. There are many child beggars who are not mutilated, but those with the worst injuries make the most money, earning up to ten times the amount that millions in India survive on each day. In one of the incidents a boat with two little children, One of the kids had a live snake around her neck is begging.

The young child, a victim of trafficking for the purpose of begging. but trafficking for begging on the streets is a more recent trend. Children of poor, often rural, families are being captured at the borders, or parents are deceived into thinking their children will receive opportunities in the cities.

Mafia gangs bring children for “Begging” in urban cities. A child beggar of aged between five and ten collects the maximum. With a burn scar or decapitation they can earn more. As they grow older their earnings decrease. As a consequence they graduate to be big -time traders involved in drug peddling, pick pocketing, robbery and prostitution. A child beggar will only be paid 10% of his earnings of Rs.300 to 500 a day. If he fails to meet the target fixed by the contractor he is punished brutally. The girls by the time they reach 13 years switch over to prostitution.

Begging is used as a profession by antisocial elements forcing children in begging. Begging is prohibited in some cities of India by local governments.

Impact of begging on Children:

If a child does not make their target that day they are beaten and tortured.

Child beggars are addicted to solvents, alcohol and charras (powerful Afghan hashish often laced with opium).  This helps the children to forget where they are, but it also helps the gangmasters to keep them under control.

The children who are the most vulnerable to gang masters are Dalits due to their poverty regardedless in society. But whether they are kidnapped or sold into beggary, it is too high a price to pay.

Some Facts:

Human trafficking is modern slavery. Although India has the second largest child population in the world, there is no single unified separate legislation to deal with all the offences against children.

It is high time India introduced an all encompassing common act to safeguard the rights of a child. It has been 25 years since the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 came into force and some of the facts as stated:-

There are an estimated 300,000 child beggars in India, although some organizations claim it is as many as a million. Every year, 44,000 children fall into the clutches of the gangs.

The beggar mafia make more than £20 million a year

There are an estimated 300,000 child beggars in India, the vast majority are Dalits.

Riyadh police rounded up 109 beggars in the capital city during the past week as part of an intensive campaign against beggary, authorities announced on Friday.

A survey conducted by UNICEF in 2007 found that up to half of child beggars in the Kingdom entered the country with their parents.

It is reported that Saudi authorities arrest each month around 3,500 Yemeni children who are smuggled into the country to work or beg.

3500 Yemeni child beggars arrested monthly in Saudi Arabia

How can we help:

How can we prevent the innocent children from this trapof trafficking and using them for begging ?

A million dollar question with no specific solution. Some Instanances:

The Delhi government has started a new initiative to rescue child beggars. Dial 1098 next time you see a child begging and you could help rescue him or her.

"Earlier a child beggar was a criminal. Now, a child beggar is a child in need of help. The perspective has changed completely," says Chairperson Child Welfare Committee, Dr Bharti Sharma.

On getting a call, the Beggar Squad will come and pick up the child and take him to the Child Welfare Committee. The child is then counseled and in some cases sent into rehabilitation.

On January 25, 2011, Yu Jianrong, a famous human rights activist and sociologist, launched a Sina microblog in which he called on Chinese netizens to wield their camera lenses, expose child beggars and upload the pictures to the blog, a cause he believed can save the mistreated children and help battle such crimes.

BEIJING - An online campaign to publish photos of child beggars is assisting authorities to crack down on gangs that kidnap children and to help reunite kidnapped children with their families. The Ministry of Public Security said on Thursday that the public can dial 110, a police hotline, if they suspect children are being organized or forced to beg on the streets. "Addressing child trafficking and organized begging by minors needs the joint efforts of all sectors of society," said Chen Shiqu, head of the anti-trafficking office under the ministry.

‘Generation Yuvaa' an organisation they floated in 2007,  has opened an outlet at Green House in Marripalem. About 1,500 members of the youth group contribute Rs.8,000 per annum to support each child beggar to wean away from the evil. Naresh and his friends Rakesh and Solomon actively running the movement can be contacted over phone: 9985266229 or get details at www.genyuvaa.com.

All sections of the society need to work together to stop misuse and abuse of children. Stakeholders to tackle these issues include,  National Governmental agencies, NGOs,People’s forums, Corporate entities, Individual social service activists. TAPAS (Trafficking Analysis & Prevention Aiding System) is an effort led in this direction to work and strengthen the wings of the stakeholders and network of people in preventing the child trafficking and its impact on the innocent kids.

References:

International Labour Organisation Report 1995

Human Rights Watch 1996

Constitution of India

World Bank report 1995

Paper on child labour in India – Causes by Mitesh Badiwada

UN convention on rights of child report – 1992

Google search.

Trafficked children used as child labourers:

        Every day, children are bought, sold and transported away from their homes. The trafficking of human beings is a multi billion dollar business that appears to be growing. Our children deserve our best efforts.

“There can be no better measure of our governance than the way we treat our children, and no greater failing on our part than to allow them to be subjected to violence, abuse or exploitation . . . Parliamentarians have the power to alleviate the suffering of millions of children around the world, if only they would use it.” Jessica Lange, UNICEF Ambassador, at the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s 110th Assembly in Mexico City, 20 April 2004.

·        According to  ILO global, child labour figures for the year 2000  estimate that 1.8 million children are exploited in the commercial sex industry,7 suffering extreme physical, sexual and psychological violence and abuse by traffickers, pimps and ‘customers’. The problem of missing children almost 40 per cent of trafficking originates in AP. Over three million victims of human trafficking(in India) of which 1.2 million are children and also about 60,000 children go missing each year, of which a pathetic 30% are rescued or traced. According to a report published in 2005 ‘Trafficking in Women and Children in India', 44,476 children were reported missing in India. out of which 11,008 children continued to remain untraced. 
    
             India and adjoining countries has, by conservative estimates, three to five lakh girl children in commercial sex and organized prostitution.

 

      
       According to government statistics, there were 1.7 lakh children out of schools, while the number was 3.7 lakh according o non-government organizations.

Andhra Pradesh tops the list in removing children from school with 27 expelled children followed by West Bengal. An estimated 3,497 children, a majority of them girls, went missing last year and only 1,585 were recovered in AP. compounded by factors like illiteracy. Social systems like the Devadasi system also endorse prostitution.

      There is a tendency for the trafficking debate to gravitate into an approach against criminals on the one hand and an approach supporting human rights or protection on the other hand.

Child trafficking and Child labour, violates the human rights guaranteed to children under international law, most notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Children’s survival and development are threatened, and their rights to education, health and protection are denied.

    Trafficking of children is a form of human trafficking. It is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receiving of children for the purpose of exploitation. 

Purposes of Child trafficking:

     There are various purposes of child trafficking such as labour exploitation, domestic work, sexual exploitation, can take many forms, including forcing a child into prostitution  other forms of sexual activity, or child pornography, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude military conscription, early marriage, Illicit adoption,sport- The use of children as jockeys in camel racing is extremely dangerous and can result in serious injury andeven death, and as or football players, or for recruitment for cults, begging, sell the organs of the children.
  
Impact of trafficking on children:

       Emotional impact: The feelings of shame, guilt and low self- esteem and are frequently stigmatized. They often feel betrayed, especially if the perpetrator was someone they had trusted. These factors as well as the experience itself, can cause nightmares, sleeplessness, feelings of hopelessness and depression. Some children who have been trafficked turn to substance abuse to numb their psychic pain, and others have attempted suicide.

      Physical impact: The Children trafficked into the sex industry are susceptible to contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. The dangerous and mistaken belief in some countries that sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS has led to even higher demand for young girls. Domestic workers, street children, child labourers and children in detention are vulnerable to rape and sexual exploitation.

      Social impact: The Children who are trafficked typically suffer adverse effects to their social and educational development, they fail to develop their potential. they are victims of physical and emotional violence and abuse, the effects may be life-threatening and long term.

Factors that make children vulnerable

     There are many factors that make victimization include poverty, inequality of women and girls, Low school enrolment children who are not in school can easily fall prey to traffickers. The estimated global number of children not attending school is 121 million; children without caregivers, lack of birth registration children who are not registered are more susceptible to trafficking. It is estimated that 41 per cent of the children born in 2000 were not registered at birth, humanitarian disasters and armed conflict during conflicts, children may be abducted by armed groups and forced to participate in hostilities. They may be sexually abused or raped, demand for exploitative sex and cheap labour, Trafficking and the skyrocketing demand for exploitative labour and sexual services are inexorably linked, traditions and cultural values, lack of the protective and guardian less environment, poor legislation ect.

     The Child trafficking is illegal and extremely harmful, as trafficked children are physically and sexually exploited and abused.  And children themselves have spoken about the harm caused by trafficking and the need for protection. But there is much more to be done to make the elimination of child trafficking a reality.

     Coordinated efforts are needed to stop and prevent child trafficking. Parliamentarians are key players in bridging political, governmental and civil concerns, and in uniting many partners in a common cause. Through specific steps to advance public policy, awareness and response, it is possible to end the scourge of child trafficking, to hold perpetrators of crimes of trafficking of children accountable, and to build a protective environment to keep children safe from harm.

     The Collaboration and Contribution of TAPAS- Trafficking Analysis And Prevention Aiding System is a sincere effort to combating the child trafficking in our country and strengthening the muscles  of the all those facilitators.

References:

1. British-born teenagers being trafficked for sexual exploitation within UK, police say | Society | The Guardian
2. UNICEF Innocenti Report on Child Trafficking in Africa
3. UNICEF Innocenti Report on Child Trafficking in Africa
4. UNODC - Signatories to the CTOC Trafficking Protocol

Use of trafficked children as suicide bombers - on the rise:

Use of trafficked children as suicide bombers - on the rise:

                         Use of children as suicide bombers on the rise, an article published in THE HINDU, on 27-6-11 in Hyderabad addition which is heights of pitilessness of human acts. Further the article mentions, “an eight year old Afghan girl was killed when a bomb of explosives given to her by Taliban insurgents exploded as she approached a police outpost in Southern Afghanistan said the government.”

It is a pathetic reality and shocking to note the new and innovative ways of human beings develop to abuse, torture and destroy each other.  It was naïveté that the industry of suicide bombers would not follow the rules of supply and demand that guide all other industries of trafficked persons.  But it obviously does.  And now it has the sad duty of adding a new variation of human trafficking to the long and growing list.

The use of children in war is unfortunately, not new.  Child soldiers are being used right now, in conflicts around the world.  But trafficking children to be suicide bombers feels especially evil for some reason.  Perhaps it's because, theoretically (if not practically), a child soldier would have a sliver of hope of survival, whereas a child suicide bomber is doomed.  Perhaps it's because the children being used in are so young. But most people do not understand what would push someone so young to take their own life.

It is becoming grotesques new industry of children in age group of 12 to 16 years is who are used as suicide bombers. There are more human slaves in the world today than ever before in history. There is a growing pattern of trafficking in child suicide bombers. Although human trafficking is often a hidden crime and accurate statistics are difficult to obtain, researchers estimate that more than 80% of trafficking victims are female. Over 50% of human trafficking victims are children.

1.  There are an estimated 27 million adults and 13 million children around the world who are victims of human trafficking.
2. According to a 2009 Washington Times article, the Taliban buys children as young as seven years old to act as suicide bombers. The price for child suicide bombers is between $7,000-$14,000.
3.  UNICEF estimates that 300,000 children younger than 18 are currently trafficked to serve in armed conflicts worldwide.
4. The FBI estimates that over 100,000 children and young women are trafficked in America today. They range in age from nine to 19, with the average being age 11. Many victims are not just runaways or abandoned, but are from “good” families who are coerced by cleaver traffickers.
5.  About 100 would-be child suicide attackers are currently in our custody,” Lutfullah Mashal, an NDS spokesman, told IRIN, adding that the children had been trained by the Taliban, Hezbe Islami and the Haqqani Group - the three main insurgent groups which are also accused by the of using children for military purposes, including suicide missions.
6.  About 140 suicide attacks were carried out in 2010 in Afghanistan resulting in at least 228 civilian deaths,
7.  “We have evidence that the Taliban have been recruiting children aged 11-17 to carry out a range of activities - from armed combat to smuggling of weapons across the Pakistan-Afghan border and planting IEDs [improvised explosive devices],” said Dee Brillenburg Wurth, a child rights adviser with the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA).
8.  “Non-state militant groups kidnap children or coerce parents with fraudulent promises into giving away children as young as 12 to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers in Pakistan and Afghanistan,” the ‘Trafficking in Persons’ report said.
9. Experts say that child suicide in Pakistan is “very rare”; however, data compiled by the Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (Sparc) reveals a drastic step-up in attempted suicides with the number going from 42 in 2009 to 80 in 2010.
10. Child trafficking is lucrative and linked with criminal activity and corruption. It is often hidden and hard to address. Trafficking always violates the child’s right to grow up in a family environment. In addition, children who have been trafficked face a range of dangers, including violence and sexual abuse. Trafficked children are even arrested and detained as illegal aliens. And using the trafficked children as suicide bombers is nightmare and symbol of cruelty in human life.

Neer Interactives, a software mission oriented organization is working for the downtrodden with the serious commitment on the subject Human Trafficking, with a project entitled as TAPAS – Trafficking Analysis and Prevention Aiding System, to work on the causes and reasons of this malady-  under the special guidance of Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Women development & children welfare department and other International , National Non- Governmental Organizations and Community teams.

For further information, pls visit http:/tapasantitrafficiking.blogspot.com

OTHER References:

1.    An article published in Hindu, on 27-6-11 in Hyderabad addition.

2.    Aliban Buys Children To Be Suicide Bombers, by Amanda Kloer-July-02, 2009.

3.      Aronowitz, Alexis A. 2009. Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings.Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.

4.      Destefano, Anthony M. 2007. The War on Human Trafficking. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

5.      “Hawaii Home to Largest Human Trafficking Case in U.S. History.” ABC News. September 2, 2010. Accessed: December 26, 2010.

6.       “Human Trafficking.” Unglobalcompact.org. Accessed: December 26, 2010.

7.      “International Human Trafficking.” FBI. November 23, 2009. Accessed: December 23, 2010.

8.       Keehn Anne.  “Lady Gaga’s Bad Romance Video About . . . Sex Slavery?” FTSBlog.net. September 13, 2010. Accessed: December 26, 2010.

9.       “Kosovo U.N. Troops ‘Fuel Sex Trade.’” BBC News. May 6, 2004. Accessed: December 20, 2010.

10.   Liebelson, Dana. “Nine out of Ten Women Escaping North Korea Are Trafficked.” Human Trafficking Change. October 29, 2010. Accessed: December 26, 2010.

11.  Malarek, Victor. 2003. The Natashas: Inside the New Global Sex Trade. New York, NY: Arcadia Publishers.

12.   “Millions Suffer in Sex Slavery.” NewsMax. April 24, 2001. Accessed: December 26, 2010.

13.  Shelley, Louise. 2010. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

14.   Skinner, E. Benjamin. 2008. A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery. New York, NY: Free Press.

15.  “Slaves Auctioned by Traffickers.” BBC News. June 4, 2006. Accessed: December 28, 2010.

16. “Taliban Buying Children for Suicide Bombers.” The Washington Times. July 2, 2009

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